Syria and Lebanon Free Essays

Have you ever wondered what it is like to live on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, where warmth covers your back year-round? Have you ever desired to live in a place of nature and beauty? If you lived in Lebanon, you’d know exactly what I am talking about. Lebanon is a small but extraordinary country located in the Middle East. Lebanon is famous for many things. We will write a custom essay sample on Syria and Lebanon or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of those things would be their healthy, yet tasty food. An example would be Hummus. Hummus is a very common food in Lebanon, which is eaten very often there. Hummus is made out of chickpeas, with other various seasonings.Not only are the Lebanese people known for their amazing food, but their dance and poetry. Lebanon is famous for two types of dances in specific. The first one is Dabkeh. Dabkeh is a dance that is usually done on special occasions such as weddings, by men and women of all ages. The second dance is the Raqs sharqi, belly dancing. Women, usually at fancy restaurants or concerts, do this type of dance. Last but not least the Lebanese are very well known for zajal, or poetry. Khalil Gibran, who was Lebanese, was very well known for this.As I was researching my topic on Lebanon I found some weird, yet interesting facts. First, I would like to begin with the government of Lebanon. This is something that is very popularly discussed. The government of Lebanon is the complete opposite of the United States, and was designed by France when Lebanon gained their independence from them in 1943. The president must be Maronite Catholic. Michel Suleiman currently holds this position. Since Lebanon does not have a vice president they have a speaker of the house instead. A Shi’tte Muslim can only take this position, and that person is Nabih Berri.Last but not least there is the prime minister, and a Sunni Muslim can only take this position. Saad Hariri currently holds it. The purpose of this odd government is to show that no religion will overpower the other. There are so many other facts about Lebanon that will most definitely surprise you. Did you know that 30% of the Lebanese people in Lebanon are Christian? The most surprising part is that this is the highest percentage in all of the Arab countries. Another cool fact is that 70% of all students in Lebanon are put in private schools.With this high percentage, the rate for doctors in Lebanon is about one doctor per twenty people. Another main reason for such a high rate can be because Lebanon is also known to have as many as forty-two universities. With all of this, there has been estimated about twelve million people outside of Lebanon! There was so much new information that I had come across on while researching my endless topic. Did you know that way before countries were organized the Lebanese people were actually known as the Phoenicians? The Phoenicians actually lived in the city of Byblos, which is in Lebanon. Byblos is also known to be the oldest living city in the world! It was actually in that city, that the first alphabet was created. This alphabet was very similar to the one we use today and consists of twenty-two consonants. The Phoenicians created this. It was also said that the Phoenicians, who were very good sailors, reached the America’s long before Christopher Columbus did. Not only did I come across new information about the history of Lebanon, but also its recent actions. I was very surprised to hear that the first law school was built in downtown Beirut, Lebanon’s capital.Lebanon is also the only Arab country without a desert. Did you know that Beirut was rebuilt seven times! This mainly had to happen after wars. One last thing, that I had to see to believe, was that the word â€Å"Lebanon† appears seventy-one times in the Old Testament. Everyone in Lebanon, especially in the older generations had a certain job. Some may not call their duty a job, rather than their lifeline. What I mean is that some people were kind of forced into what they had to do, to keep themselves out of the streets. Some effects of this, was that some people became peddlers.Peddlers are people who usually migrate to another place, in hope of a better lifestyle. That place was almost always the United States, which is also why there are so many Lebanese people here. Peddlers also brought with them certain goods from their home country, which is Lebanon in this case, and open up a small shop and sell them for a higher price. Some things that would be sold were rugs, crafts, and mainly fruit and vegetables. If the peddler could not open a shop, because they lack money, they would just push around a cart all day. More than half of the things that were put on the cart were sold by the end of the day.With the money that was made, the peddlers would send money back to their families, in their home country. They would usually save up the rest and spend little on themselves, in hope that one day they would have enough money to open a shop. Generally, peddlers did make a good amount of money, but was a very tiring job. Some people also like to call their jobs a career. In Lebanon, there is always this annual contest that many other countries take part in as well. For Lebanon this contest is called â€Å"Miss Lebanon. † This contest is somewhat a beauty pageant that only woman can take part in.The women are not only judged on beauty, although are asked questions concerning political and economical issues. The winner is the person whose total score is the highest wins. In conclusion, Lebanon may be small, but its history is huge. You could keep reading on and on, and you could still find something to interest you. I think that is why it is said to have the most books written about it. Anyway, getting the opportunity to research and learn more about my home country was a pleasure. I don’t think there is anything more rewarding than gaining knowledge. How to cite Syria and Lebanon, Papers

Basking Shark Essay Sample free essay sample

The basking shark is a poem speaking about the brush a adult male had with a certain species of shark – the basking shark. The brush is filled with graphic item. with imagination and enunciation that helps in puting the attitude of the verse form. the tone. the human status and the beef uping brought out to the verse form. based on the imagination and construction. The poet presents the shark in a ver subdued mode. non suggesting at the shark straight. Alternatively. he forst describes the shark as a ‘roomsized monster’ . and that gives the feeling to the reader that the poet is afraid of the shark. and looks at the shark as a animal that is non to be messed with. as it is decidedly non friendly. However. while he fears the shark. he besides insults the shark. by hitting at his intelligence. claiming that the shark merely has a encephalon the size of a ‘matchbox’ implying that the shark is so stupid. We will write a custom essay sample on Basking Shark Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page as immense. chilling animal ( implied earliar with the word monster ) as that. has a really little encephalon. and that can in bend affect the sharks opinion. The enunciation used is used to connote that the shark does non belong. and is in fact the ‘ugly duckling’ . This is brought out by this illustration: â€Å"†¦this decadent townee. shook on a incorrect subdivision of his household tree† . This illustration petrays the fact that the poet is speaking about a basking shark. and based on the anterior cognition he has. it is a harmless shark. but due to the huge size it can turn. it can terrorise guiltless people. hence the mention to ‘monster’ . However. the author feels that due to its immense size. it does non belong to the species of enjoying sharks. but alternatively belongs to another species. 1 that would be more appropriate to suit its size. This. in bend. creates a tone of exclusion. When the poet besides uses the word decadent. it merely strengthens the tone he is seeking to make. as due to the exclusion of the basking shark. it is worsening in Numberss! This besides has a connexion with the temper in the verse form. as the worsening Numberss can take to the readers experiencing sad about the shark. and can do the readers feel commiseration for the sharks. When the poet references ‘so. who’s the monster’ . he is seeking to convey the human status after the brush with the shark. In this he is playing with the words. a wordplay of kinds. as he sees the shark as a moster. and therefore his fright additions. So in this he is speaking about the emotion. as a portion of the human status. picturing that worlds are easy scared. However. these words can hold a double significance. as he could br mentioning to the human holding a sense of high quality over the shork. claiming that the homo is the monster. This is brought out in the forst stanza: â€Å"to stub an oar where none should be†¦once ( excessively frequently ) to me† . This stanza describes the human status as one that is intrusive. as the adult male is irrupting into the infinite of the shark. as though seeking to convey the message of. â€Å"look who’s the boss† . which in the footings of the text can be â€Å" so. who’s the monste r† . The imagination and construction strengthen the significance of the verse form by showing human undertakings. or. even emotions. with one of them being repeat. â€Å"for 20 seconds. canvas after sail† . in which the word ‘sail’ is repeated. connoting that the poet is in a haste to acquire off from the shark. and would repeatedly sail. in order to acquire off from the shark. The verse form on the whole is really short. merely five stanzas with three lines each. all of them riming. with the construction of abdominal aortic aneurysm. bbb. abdominal aortic aneurysm. bbb. ccc. This rhyming construction quickens the gait of the peom. hotfooting through the verse form. picturing that this brush happened really rapidly.

The Author Bio Blueprint That Will Snag Clients

You slave away at writing the perfect guest post for a very popular website. You cant believe they accepted your pitch, but you push your excitement aside and get busy writing. When the last sentence is done, you press save and take a deep breath, thinking you are all done but youre not. Guest posting is a great way to market yourself as a freelance writer. You get to write in your niche and build up your portfolio with relevant work you want to continue doing. But, how do you maximize your chance of getting a lot of people, specifically potential clients, to view your guest posts? It isnt enough to share it across social media or even write on your blog telling your audience you have new guest post. No, the best way to attract potential clients is with your author bio (along with your wickedly awesome guest post). The last pieceof your perfect guest post is an author byline that will wow prospects and spur them to contact you. How do you write an author bio that entices clients? Many freelance writers dont give their byline much thought you make sure to mention your name, services and website and youre good to go. Well, if youre new to freelance writing and you want to use your byline as a marketing tool for more business, there are certain elements that it needs to have in order to generate that outcome. I call this my author bio blueprint and Im going to share it with you. An Author Bio That Will Snag Clients and Make You More Money One of the reasons I even guest post is toshow offthat one piece of hot real estate my author byline. Its a chance to broadcast my name and my services out to hundreds, if not thousands of people online. Some writers never give away their writing for free. But, what theyoften forget is it pays to write for free. How can giving away your work pay off? Your content will reach a bigger and wider audience than your little ol blog will You will hone your writing skills by writing in what you excel at (i.e. your niche topics) Your guest posts will help you build your portfolio if you dont have any client work yet. Often, guest posts are more versatile than some of your client work. Your writing will be seen by potential clients interested in hiring a freelance writer You can even land a freelance writing job by guest posting! Your byline is also a great way to expand your brand messaging. Your personal brand as a freelance writer is what sets you apart from other freelance writers. What is it about YOU, that is different from all the other freelance writers online? And in order for your author bio to be a part of your personal brand, it has to be memorable. There are6 parts to my author bio blueprint. Now, you dont need all six parts to snag a client, but it sure helps in making a darn good bio. And before we get into the nitty gritty of this post, if you dont have time to read it, Ive streamlined the info all in my YouTube video! I would love it if you checked it out and to make sure to subscribe to my channel! 1. It Needs to Be Specific All too often I will come across a guest post from another writer and after reading their author bio, have no clue if they are even a freelance writer or if they are looking for freelance writing work. In order to get the most out of your bio, it needs to be specific. I mean youre sending out your hard earned work in hopes of getting social shares, Likes and writing work. Why not make sure its attributed with all the right information? So, what specific information does your author byline need to convey? That youre a freelance writer for hire (or freelance blogger, copywriter etc) That you have specializations (blog posts, articles, site content etc) That you are knowledgeable in the following niches (digital marketing, health, parenting etc) 2. It Links to Your Website What good is a byline if it doesnt link back to your website or Hire Me page? The sole purpose is to bring new readers and prospective clients back to your site so make sure you make it easy for them by providing a link. What if you dont have a writer website? While it is important to have a website for your budding freelance writing career, you could get away with your social media profiles. Now, if youre business isnt on social media, you shouldnt be guest posting! Before you start to pitch your ideas to guest blogs, build your writer website and fill out some social media profiles for your business. This will help you get established as a freelance writer and make you more credible once you begin to guest post. 3. It Highlights Your Wins Not all author bylines will have this element, but it can help you distinguish yourself from other freelance writers. Here are some examples of author bios that show credible and noteworthy accomplishments: Francesca Nicasio has been freelancing for the past five years and has helped numerous B2B companies with their content needs. Her work has appeared on sites such as MarketingProfs, VentureBeat, Lifehack, Under30CEO, and BusinessNewsDaily, more. She also helps aspiring freelance writers break into the business at BeaFreelanceWriter.com. Download her free eBook,How to Land a Client in 10 Days. Pinar Tarhans been working as a freelance writer and blogger for over five years. She is a firm believer in big dreams and realizing them. Her work has been published in Women On Writing, Be a Freelance Blogger, Make a Living Writing and Brazen Careerist among others. You can share her passion on her blog, Addicted to Writing, and catch her @zoeyclark on Twitter. 4. It Provides Incentives Besides linking to your website, its a good idea to link to products you have that would benefit a reader or potential client. While an author byline can attract future clients, it will also attract new readers. They will be more willing to become a regular reader if there is a free incentive. For my author byline I try to include a link to my free email course, Get Paid to Write Online. The point is to get readers or potential clients back to your website to linger and get to know you better. 5. Its Unique to the Guest Post Site If youre new to freelance writing, you may think you only have to write one author bio for all your guest posts. I was under the same impression when I first started guest posting. It wasnt until I saw other popular freelance writers author bios on different sites that I realized theirs were tailored and mine wasnt. From that point on, I started to tailor my author bio in order to highlight my expertise in what I was guest posting on. So, lets take a look at some of my author bios and see how they evolved over time: A Parenting Guest Post (emphasis on parenting) Elna Cain is a former Special Education Assistant who now spends her days running after her twin toddlers, all the while pursuing a freelance writing career. When she isnt writing you can find her using the best naturalistic and holistic approaches to keeping her family healthy. You can find out more about Elna over on her blog at Innovative Ink. A Lifestyle Guest Post (emphasis on healthier lifestyle) Elna Cain (@ecainwrites) is a freelance writer for hire who lives in Canada with her husband and twin children. As a writer, she is passionate about providing natural living advice in order to help others find alternative ways towards a healthier lifestyle. You can find more about Elna at Innovative Ink. A Freelance Writing Guest Post (emphasis on my credibility as a freelance writer) Elna Cain has been a freelance writer since 2014. Although shes fairly new, her effective marketing strategies and her publications in Social Media Today, Brazen Careerist and Psych Central have helped her quickly land clients. She also offers marketing, blogging and freelance writing tips to novice freelance writers at Innovative Ink. Be sure to check out her free email course, Get Paid to Write Online and connect with her on Twitter. A Business Website Guest Post (emphasis on my expertise in business writing) Elna Cain (@ecainwrites) is a freelance writer for hire with specialization in digital marketing, branding and general marketing tips. She works closely with B2B and B2C companies providing useful and engaging content that converts viewers into customers. When she isnt writing, you can find her at playgroups with her twin toddlers dishing out the latest parent fail. Contact Elna or visit her website at Innovative Ink for more information on her services and to view her portfolio. http://innovativeink.ca How did I tailor my author bios? I made sure to mention my expertise that was related to my guest post. Over time, I changed my specialties to include not only what Im guest posting about, but what kind of writing work I want. Currently my author byline might include: digital marketing, social media, and health. 6. It Has Personality A great way to make your author bio pop isto include apersonable tidbit. Whether its yourea young journalist or youre a mother of twins, injecting a bit of personality can help you land a client. Not every author bio I have mentions that Im a mother of twins. It depends on the website and if it truly is relevant to helping me land a gig. There are other freelance writers, though, that do a great job at showing who they are. Lets take a look at some: Henneke Duistermaat is an irreverent copywriter and marketer. Shes on a mission to stamp out gobbledygook and to make boring business blogs sparkle. Get her free 16-Part Snackable Writing Course for Busy People and learn how to enchant your readers and win more business. Marianne Griebler is a marketing communications consultant who lives with her family in Chicago. She also writes about the workplace, parenting, senior care and health issues. In her free time shes a certified volunteer arborist, an avid theater goer and a literacy volunteer. Please visit her website at mariannegriebler.com and follow her on Twitter at @magriebler. Sue Anne Dunlevie, owner of Successful Blogging has been passionate about business since she was 12 and started her own toddler day care group at her swim club. Now her unique talent lies in helping women business owners make more money by blogging. Depending on the nature of your guest post, you can be as liberal as you want with showing your personality. For me, its having a nice balance between showing prospective clients I mean business, but that Im also a mom trying to take care of my little monkeys! Are You Ready to Snag A Few Clients With Your Author Bio? There you have it! My awesome blueprint for the best author bio. As I mentioned before, you dont have to use every element at one time. I certainly dont I just found using a few at a time makes for an easy to read bio. Im probably sure youre wondering if my bios have snagged clients? They have! I hadtwo clients that I know for a fact came to me frommy author bio on my guest posts. So, tell me, are you happy with your author bio or do you think you need a new blueprint? Let me know in the comments!

Famous Person Story essays

Famous Person Story essays First, I would like to be Bill Gates. I would be the richest person in the whole wide world because I would never have to worry about borrowing money. I would own Microsoft, which is the leader in the computer software industry. What if the stock market crashed? Then that would be a problem because I would then go bankrupt. In the mean time, I would rather be a basketball star. I would like to be Michael Jordan, who is the best basketball player in many decades. Basketball would not be too hard because I play it in my leisure time. I would get money for entertaining the crowd with my three-pointers and dunks. Even though, I would not be as wealthy as Bill Gates, I would still become famous in basketball. I would also like to become famous in football. I would choose to be Walter Payton if I became famous in football. Even though I risk my chances of getting hurt with my speed and size, I should be able to run over the tacklers and find my way into the end zone. Obviously, I am more physical but Bill Gates and Michael Jordan have more money then I do. I would enjoy becoming famous in baseball, too. Sometimes, I think about hitting homeruns; thats why I would enjoy being Ken Griffey Jr. I can hit homeruns day and night with my strength. I could also be the hero of the day for my team by hitting a game winner. I would go in the record books for all my homeruns that I hit. Well, I would get worn-out after a while so in addition, I would like becoming a rapper. Finally, I would like to be Nelly. I know I would get famous after one hit song because I am well known. I would make plenty of cash for selling my music. Well, I guess it is up to me who I really want to be. Do I really know who I really want to be? ...

Economic history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economic history - Essay Example The growth of the United States economy in the period from 1790 to 1860 can be seen in terms of an expansion and a growing complexity (Suranovic, 1997). The local market relations that existed before canals and railroads were personally run on trade and a mixture of cash and barter. With the growth of the South’s cotton industry in the period after 1815, the country branched out and developed an interregional trade system that was structured around a growing number of banks and currency (Whitman, F.K., 2000, p. 535). Between 1807 and 1815, U.S. foreign trade was severely disrupted by Jefferson’s trade embargo, subsequent non-importation measures, and the War of 1812. These disruptions are commonly believed to have spurred early U.S. industrialization (Zuckerman, 2006). Because of the aforementioned disruptions, especially the embargo, domestic industry was encouraged and emerging local industries were protected from import competition by preventing foreign manufactured goods from reaching the U.S. market (Davis, J.H., 2003, p. 228). Due to the resulting trend of interregional trade, new manufacturing firms were established and existing domestic producers rapidly expanded output to replace previously imported goods (Zuckerman, 2006). Interregional trading also led to the American economy becoming industrialized, first in the Northeast, in order for inter-region commerce to become more convenient (Herbst, 1997). New inventions and capital investment led to the creation of new industries and economic growth. As transportation improved, new markets continuously opened. The steamboat made river traffic faster and cheaper, but development of railroads had an even greater effect, opening up vast stretches of new territory for development. Furthermore, the United States became an economic power with the dramatic expansion of domestic markets, as the set of regional

Analysis of a advertising campaign for lexus cars Essay

Analysis of a advertising campaign for lexus cars - Essay Example f the ad design, not only can the careful observer learn much about the company, but can also assess how the advertisement is impacting or contributing to the general thought and behavior of society as a means of assessing the campaign’s overall effectiveness. These elements are also used to help unite an advertising effort across a variety of media to emphasize a given message. This examination of the signs of a given advertising campaign is what Roland Barthes referred to as semiotic analysis. This process of looking at an advertisement for its deeper cultural meanings and associations enables us to gain a better understanding of the relationship that develops between the product or the advertiser and the viewer or consumer. After examining a little bit about what Roland Barthes meant by semiotic analysis, this process will be applied to the 2010 Lexus advertising campaign to determine what Lexus is attempting to communicate and how this message changes from one form of adve rtising to another. Roughly speaking, semiotics refers to the process of analyzing the ‘signs’ of a given culture for indications of meaning at varying levels. â€Å"Semiology therefore aims to take in any system of signs, whatever their substance and limits; images, gestures, musical sounds, objects, and the complex associations of all these, which form the content of ritual, convention or public entertainment: these constitute, if not languages, at least systems of signification† (Barthes, 1964). Thus, semiotics refers to language, image, color, shape, expression, placement and a number of other contextual clues that combine together in some unique way so as to convey a sense of meaning to a particular cultural group. To discuss these various elements, Barthes and others have provided us with specific terms that help to keep things within an understandable framework. The primary elements that will be concentrated on in this study include signifiers, signified and sign. The

A Diagram For Railway Management Systems

A Diagram For Railway Management Systems Summary: I have prepared use case diagram for the given scenario. Along with the use case diagram, I have prepared specification for individual use cases. Besides, I have prepared an activity diagram. (a) Class Diagram -Staff ID Staff +Create new staff -Staff Name +Delete existing staff +Update staff Clerical Assistant -Clerical Assistant ID -Clerical Assistant Name Clerical Assistant Contacts -Join Date + Print address label +Record customer details +Print ticket and sale ticket Station Master -Station Master ID -Station Master Name -Station Master Contacts -Join Date + Provide hand to hand ticket +Record ticket type details Rail way manager -Manager ID -Manager Name -Manager Contacts -Join Date + Record time details +Record engine details Ticket Booking -Customer ID -Booking date -Booking rate + Create Booking + Delete Booking Customers -Customer ID -Customer Name -Customers contacts + Give Tickets + Give requirements + Get booking Booking via mail -Customer ID -Booking date -Booking rate + Create Booking + Delete Booking Booking over telephone -Customer ID -Booking date -Booking rate + Create Booking + Delete Booking Booking In person -Customer ID -Booking date -Booking rate + Create Booking + Delete Booking Figure 2.1: Class Diagram (b) Attributes and methods: Class Name: Staff. Attributes: Staff ID Staff Name Method: Create new staff() Delete Existing Staff() Update existing Staff() Class Name: Railway manager Attribute: Manager ID Manager Name Manager Contacts Join date Operations: Record time details() Record engine details() Class name: Station Master Attribute: Station master ID Station master Name Station master contacts. Join date Operations: Provide hand to hand tickets() Record ticket type details() Class name: Clerical Assistant Attribute: Clerical Assistant ID Clerical Assistant Name Clerical Assistant contacts. Join date Operations: Print address labels() Record customer details() Print and sales ticket () Class name: Customer Attribute: Customer ID Customer Name Customer contacts. Operations: Give tickets() Give requirements() Get booking() Class name: Ticket Booking Attribute: Customer ID Booking date Booking rate Operations: Create Booking () Delete Booking() Class name: Booking in person Attribute: Customer ID Booking date Booking rate Operations: Create Booking () Delete Booking() Class name: Booking over telephone Attribute: Customer ID Booking date Booking rate Operations: Create Booking () Delete Booking() Class name: Booking via mail. Attribute: Customer ID Booking date Booking rate Operations: Create Booking () Delete Booking() Summary: I have prepared a class diagram and described the attributes and methods for each of the classes. Task 3 Introduction: In this task, I have to prepare three different diagrams based on analyzing the system. These three diagrams will be behavioral models using object oriented method. Sequence diagram: A sequence diagram is a model showing sequences of events and interactions that happen within several layers and persons within the system. In need of behavioral modeling, sequence diagram helps to understand relevant behavior of the potential system. Following diagram shows the sequential diagram for the suggested system. Sequence Diagram Customers Staffs Ticket Booking Request for ticket booking Check Booking Info Check customer info Request customer details Give customer detail Choose ticket Confirm ticket booking Figure 3.1: Sequence diagram State Machine: State machine is close to activity diagram. Whereas in activity diagram, interactions are displayed, here the state of the different layers of the system is displayed. Following diagrams demonstrates state machine diagrams for ticket processing and providing it to customers hand to hand, to address or via mail. Requesting ticket booking Checking ticket availability Ticket not available Cancel Provide ticket information Make choice of ticket Ticket not chosen Confirm ticket booking Cancel Print ticket Provide ticket to customer Figure 3.2: State Machine Diagram Communication Diagrams: 2. Select customers () 2.1. Show customers () 3. Select Ticket Availability () 3.1. Show ticket availability () 4. Choose ticket () 4.1. Show ticket () 1. Start UI {} : Ticket booking : Ticket booking 3.2 Get ticket information ()Staff 4.2 confirm ticket booking 2.2 Get customers details () : Ticket booking : Customers Figure 3.3: Communication Diagram Summary: I have prepared three different diagrams representing behavioral modeling of the proposed system. Task 4 Introduction: In this task, I have to demonstrate the data protection laws available in the locality. Besides, I have to describe how they can be implemented. This discussion has to be practical enough in contrast with the real scenario. Some words on data protection laws: Data protection laws deal with the intellectual property of any organization. In a general sense, this talks about how the intellectual property should be protected and what will be happened if the data is damaged. And if it is deliberate, then what procedure will be used to prevent any further approach. Data protection laws in a sense is a vital approach that establishes promise to protect any companys intellectual property. (a) Our countries scenario with data protection laws: Unfortunately, in our country there are no governmental data protection laws available. Since protecting intellectual property is the major thing for any organization, organizations use their own protocol for protecting data. Big IT dependent companies across the country have their individual data protection laws. Following sections cover data protection management available in our country- Accessibility Restriction: Accessibility within a particular system area is determined by administrators, which prevent wrong persons to be in a wrong place. Any person with no prior knowledge on any advance part of a system can cause damage to it even though unintentionally. Within the area of confidential data sources, not everyone should be allowed to access. User Authentication: After ensuring minimal user restriction, establishing user authentication allows the system to be protected from unauthorized activity. A system is bound within limit; users are bound with limits of usage or activities, which lead into the necessity of user authentication. Distribution of level: This is another major approach by which it is ensured that there are multiple levels of the system within which multiple levels of users are allowed to do activity. System Security: System must be protected both physically and logically. Tickets room must be preserved from free access. Data stored should be encrypted. Disk partitions usage should be restricted to bare minimal. (b) Implementation of protection laws against the railways system: The computer system being developed can be secured by implementing one of the above-mentioned ways. Following points cover some of the ways that would be sufficient for the railway: The most usable way is user authentication method. To access the system, user has to enter the username and password. The password should match length and complexity requirements. This authentication procedure can protect the system from any unauthorized access of the system. Different level of authentication can be implied. While somebody is trying to breach the system, he may find one of the passwords, but not likely will get all to breach all the data. Level of accessibility is another approach highly effective for the new system. Administrator will have the full access when other will have limited access within their usage limitation. (c) Ensuring data protection in the current system: Testing: Testing all the security procedure potentially available and planned for the current system. Validation: Validation procedures would be set for the system. When users will try to enter the system with passwords and usernames, system will check for validity and permission limitation. Encryption: System will have the capability to encrypt potential sensitive data. This will protect data from being unveiled to a wrong hand. Summary: I have gathered information on security and protection laws and application of the laws with the current system. Possible details of methods that can be implemented for the current system are also given. Task 5 Introduction: In this task, I have to demonstrate the systems capability of preparing tickets. Along with preparing tickets, I also have to describe that how the system will be able to prepare tickets that cannot be copied easily and will be easy to print with cost effective printing medium. Besides, I also need to describe the hardware related with printing by researching available options. New system will mainly deal with the tickets. Preparing tickets is one of the major jobs with protection features from being copied. Following section demonstrates some methods by which tickets cant be copied- Copy prevention methods: In each ticket, ticket creator will give a 12 digit number as a barcode. Each time tickets barcode will be checked by checker software or barcode scanner. Ticket must not be printed on any typical paper. Each ticket will be printed on specialized printing paper that is not likely to be copied or available. Each ticket will carry individual customers identification along with the seat number. Every detail must be unique within all the tickets. Practically watermarks are given with conventional software. So, specialized watermark should be printed on the ticket. Specialized hologram is another way to protect ticket from being copied. Allowing customers to select multiple tickets of different types: There are several procedures here to allow customers to make choice from different types of ticket. In person: When station master will deal with the booking of a ticket, he will deal with a person face to face. Customer can practically look through available tickets and make choice that suits them the most. Via telephone: When a client will get connected through a telephone, then clerical assistant will provide with enough information. When customers will ask clerical assistant for ticket booking, assistant will provide available options after knowing the destination of the customers. Via email: When customers will request for a ticket via email, clerical assistant will record the email. Then he will send a feed back by giving all detailed options that are available. Then after processing all data, selected ticket will be confirmed. Printing hardware and media details: For printing the tickets, several system components will be necessary. Printers, printing servers, computers will be necessary. Among the conventional products for these purposes, there are so many which can be used here to establish the printing service for the labels and tickets. Details of suggested conventional product for printing Device Vendor Price ($) Computer HP 500 Ticket Printer HP 150 Computer maintenance 250 Application software Atlas developer ltd. 250 Power Supply 200 Printing Server 1000 Figure 5.1: Hardware details Brief details of some components: Application Software: Application software for preparing tickets and printing them on a media is customized software developed by a conventional developer. Rather than buying mass market software, its better to have one specifically made for specific purpose. This will also be a better option for security issue Ticket printers: Rather than installing general purpose printers, ticket printers are suggested to be used. Ticket printers are specially made for printing tickets. Following image shows a typical ticket printer- Figure 5.2: Ticket Printer Printing Server: Printing server is a typical server installed for printing purposes. This server is established by computers. Summary: I have demonstrated several issues on printing and printing media for ticket serving purposes. I have also discussed about the hardware that could be set to establish system for printing those tickets. Task 6 Introduction: In this task, I have to prepare several normalized table with relevant information within different levels. After completing normalization tables, I have to prepare data dictionary entries for all items included in the database design. Task 6 (a) Ticket booking normalization: Normalization refers to dividing a database into several tables to determine their relationship among each other. Data Aggregation: Serial No. Booking Type Customer ID Customer Name Customer Address Date Staff Type Staff ID Staff Name Seat No. Total. 2. Choosing key: Serial No. 3. Converting to 1NF (Removing repeating data): Serial No (PK) Booking name Booking type Customer Id Customer name Customer address Date Staff type Staff Id Staff name 4. Converting to 2NF (Removing Partial Key Dependency): Serial No (PK) Booking name Booking type Customer Id Customer name Customer address Date Staff type Staff Id Staff name 5. Converting to 3NF (Removing non-key dependency): Ticket Booking Serial No (PK) Booking name Booking type Customers: Customer Id Customer name Customer address Date Staff Staff type Staff Id Staff name Task 6 (b) Data Dictionary for Customer: Data dictionary Railway System: S5D Type: structure Name: customer Alias : Client Definition: Customer= customer Id+ customer name+ Customer contacts+ Occurrence: Picture: Author: Rajan Khan Date 10.2.2011 Figure: Data dictionary for customers. 2. Data dictionary for staff Data dictionary Railway System: S5C Type: structure Name: Staff Alias : employee Definition: Staff: Staff Id+ Staff name+ Staff Contacts Occurrence: Picture: Author: Rajan Khan Date 10.2.2011 Figure: Data Dictionary for Staff 3. Data dictionary for ticket booking. Data dictionary Academic theater System: S8c Type: structure Name: Ticket Booking Alias Ticket Booking Definition: Ticket booking : Ticket serial No+ Ticket Booking date+ Ticket Booking rate+ Occurrence: Picture: Author Rajan Khan Date 10.2.2011 Figure: Data Dictionary for ticket booking Summary: I have completed normalized data tables and dictionary entries for all the items that will be included in the database. Task 7 Introduction: In this task, I have to remark the objected oriented methodology for designing system or developing system. Besides, I have to relate my remarks with the system design that I have done for the previous tasks. Then, along with describing object oriented methods, I also have to remark structured methods. Differentiation between both methods: For Task 1: Object Oriented: For designing diagrams in task 1, use case diagram and activity diagram are used. For analyzing every detail use case diagram include detailed specification. Structured: As per the requirements stated in structured diagram, DFD (Data Flow Diagram) could solve the problems of task 1. For task 2: Object Oriented: Since object oriented methods are practically dependent on object-class architecture, here class diagram is used. Structured: In structured methodology, ERD (Entity Relationship Diagram) is used. For task 3: Object Oriented: Here the sequence and communication diagram are used. Structured: Here the ELH (Entity Life History) would be used. Object Oriented Methods: Advantage: System can be very large. In object oriented method, modularization divides whole system into several manageable smaller parts or objects. In that way, when parts are developed, they can be synchronized to make the whole system working. Object oriented applications are more scalable than the structured tools. With looking at the modules of the system, it is possible to make an overview on how the system is going to be. Disadvantage: Legacy Systems are built in structured programming languages. So when it is necessary to convert those systems, it becomes a tough job. Object Oriented Database Management Systems are not available. Since there are many choices with object oriented methodology, sometimes unexpected confusion can rise. Structured Methods: Advantage: In structured programming, system requirements are defined much before programming starts. With proceed of development, amount of necessary changes starts to decrease. Disadvantages: Every detail should be planned and structured. Without any direct link, its impossible to go in a random manner, unlike the object oriented. Overview of a system before it is developed is not likely to be available. Summary: I have remarked advantages and disadvantages of both the structured and object oriented methodology. Besides, I have remarked the application of both the methodology with task 1 to task 3. Task 8 Introduction: In this task, I have to produce a comprehensive report with detailing all the tasks that I have completed. Then I will have to make an appendix reviewing my works. Executive Summary Preparing functional modeling: This includes two diagram and one specification details for one of the diagrams. Use case diagram (With Specification) Activity Diagram. Structural Modeling: Class Diagrams. Detailed attribute and operations. Behavioral Modeling: Sequence diagram State machines Communication Diagrams. Data Protection issues: Available data protection laws. Implementation of the issues with the system. Safe ticket management: How to create safe tickets. How the customers will be able to select multiple choices. What hardware will be used to print the tickets? Relational database designing: Creating normalized tables. Creating data dictionary. Evaluating object oriented method: Advantage and disadvantages of object oriented methods. Contrasting with structured method. Report Within all the phases of the tasks, several designing and evaluating have been done. In this report, all of them will be included for a better demonstration. Following section covers comprehensive details of task 1-7 respectively. Task 1: Functional Modeling Use case diagram for railway management system: Use case diagrams are useful to understand the system from the viewpoint of user. In this part there are three objects. There are customers, clerical assistant and ticket booking. Customers request for the ticket booking then clerical assistant check ticket information and clerical assistant get booking information. Clerical assistant request to customer their information then customer give details information and customer choose ticket set. At a last customer confirm ticket booking to clerical assistants. Several use case diagrams could be set into the scenario. But one compact use case diagram is used to cover potential features of the system rather than creating multiple diagrams. This has saved a lot of time. Activity Diagram for Railway Management System: Railway managements potential activities are shown in this diagram. Railway manager will record the time information and hauling engine information, station master will sale ticket hand to hand and clerical assistant will serve through mail or telephone- everything is covered in this activity diagram. Task 2: Structural Modeling Class Diagrams: Several classes can be found from the proposed system. Class diagrams are drawn based upon those classes found from the railway management systems scenario. These classes include attribute and operations details within each of the class. Task 3: Behavioral Model Sequence Diagram: This diagram outlines the sequential presentation of occurrence within the system. By the help of this diagram, expected behavior of the system can be understood. Comprehensive presentation of all the persons interacting with the system in a flow based order; this really helps to understand the system State machine diagram: This diagram demonstrates the states of the processes. From recording time details to processing ticket booking, every state is defined in this diagram. This clearly shows the end of activity. Communication Diagram: In this top order diagram, only the main operation and interacting persons are displayed in a comprehensive and technical way. Task 4: Data Protection Issues Our countries scenario: Big IT dependent companies across the country have their individual data protection laws. Accessibility Restriction: Accessibility within a particular system area is determined by administrators, which prevent wrong persons to be in a wrong place. Any person with no prior knowledge on any advance part of a system can cause damage to it even though unintentionally. Within the area of confidential data sources, not everyone should be allowed to access. User Authentication: After ensuring minimal user restriction, establishing user authentication allows the system to be protected from unauthorized activity. A system is bound within limit; users are bound with limits of usage or activities, which lead into the necessity of user authentication. Distribution of level: This is another major approach by which it is ensured that there are multiple levels of the system within which multiple levels of users are allowed to do activity. System Security: System must be protected both physically and logically. Tickets room must be preserved from free access. Data stored should be encrypted. Disk partitions usage should be restricted to bare minimal. (b) Implementation of protection laws against the railways system: The computer system being developed can be secured by implementing one of the above-mentioned ways. Following points cover some of the ways that would be sufficient for the railway: The most usable way is user authentication method. To access the system, user has to enter the username and password. The password should match length and complexity requirements. This authentication procedure can protect the system from any unauthorized access of the system. Different level of authentication can be implied. While somebody is trying to breach the system, he may find one of the passwords, but not likely will get all to breach all the data. (c) Ensuring data protection in the current system: Testing: Testing all the security procedure potentially available and planned for the current system. Validation: Validation procedures would be set for the system. When users will try to enter the system with passwords and usernames, system will check for validity and permission limitation. Encryption: System will have the capability to encrypt potential sensitive data. This will protect data from being unveiled to a wrong hand. Task 5: Evaluating ticket processing procedure Copy prevention methods: In each ticket, ticket creator will give a 12 digit number as a barcode. Each time tickets barcode will be checked by checker software or barcode scanner. Ticket must not be printed on any typical paper. Each ticket will be printed on specialized printing paper that is not likely to be copied or available. Each ticket will carry individual customers identification along with the seat number. Every detail must be unique within all the tickets. Practically watermarks are given with conventional software. So, specialized watermark should be printed on the ticket. Specialized hologram is another way to protect ticket from being copied. Allowing customers to select multiple tickets of different types: There are several procedures here to allow customers to make choice from different types of ticket. When station master will deal with the booking of a ticket, he will deal with a person face to face. Customer can practically look through available tickets and make choice that suits them the most. When a client will get connected through a telephone, then clerical assistant will provide with enough information. When customers will ask clerical assistant for ticket booking, assistant will provide available options after knowing the destination of the customers. When customers will request for a ticket via email, clerical assistant will record the email. Then he will send a feed back by giving all detailed options that are available. Then after processing all data, selected ticket will be confirmed. Printing hardware and media details: For printing the tickets, several system components will be necessary. Printers, printing servers, computers will be necessary. Among the conventional products for these purposes, there are so many which can be used here to establish the printing service for the labels and tickets. Device Vendor Price ($) Computer HP 500 Ticket Printer HP 150 Computer maintenance 250 Application software Atlas developer ltd. 250 Power Supply 200 Printing Server 1000 Brief details of some components: Application software for preparing tickets and printing them on a media is customized software developed by a conventional developer. Rather than buying mass market software, its better to have one specifically made for specific purpose. This will also be a better option for security issue Rather than installing general purpose printers, ticket printers are suggested to be used. Ticket printers are specially made for printing tickets. Task 6: Normalization and data dictionary Normalization: Here database is scattered into several tables to determine relationships within each of them. Data Dictionary: Data dictionary is build with entries from all the items that will be included in the database. Task 7: Evaluating Object Oriented Methodology Differentiation between both methods: For Task 1: For designing diagrams in task 1, use case diagram and activity diagram are used. For analyzing every detail use case diagram include detailed specification. As per the requirements stated in structured diagram, DFD (Data Flow Diagram) could solve the problems of task 1. For task 2: Since object oriented methods are practically dependent on object-class architecture, here class diagram is used. Structured: In structured methodology, ERD (Entity Relationship Diagram) is used. For task 3: Here the sequence and communication diagram are used. Here the ELH (Entity Life History) would be used. Object Oriented Methods: Advantage: System can be very large. In object oriented method, modularization divides whole